12/16/2023 0 Comments Vitamin r nutrition![]() (The insertion of a lcy ( lycopene cyclase) gene was thought to be needed, but further research showed it is already produced in wild-type rice endosperm.) crtI ( phytoene desaturase) from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora.psy ( phytoene synthase) from daffodil ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus).Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis genes: As a result of the permission, golden rice can be grown on a commercial scale in accordance with the terms and conditions specified by the Philippines government. The approval came as the first commercial propagation authorisation of genetically engineered rice in South and Southeast Asia. On 21 July 2021, the Philippines became the first country to officially issue the biosafety permit for commercially propagating vitamin A-infused golden rice. In 2019, golden rice was approved for use as human food and animal feed or for processing in the Philippines. Health Canada declared that golden rice would not affect allergies, and that the nutrient contents were the same as in common rice varieties, except for the intended high levels of provitamin A. This followed a 2016 decision where the FDA had ruled that the beta-carotene content in golden rice did not provide sufficient amounts of vitamin A for US markets. In 2018, Canada and the United States approved golden rice, with Health Canada and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declaring it safe for consumption. Golden rice seeds may cost farmers the same as other rice varieties. Crossbreeding Īs of 2018, breeders at the Philippine Rice Research Institute, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, and the Indonesian Centre for Rice Research were developing golden rice versions of existing rice varieties used with their local farmers, retaining the same yield, pest resistance, and grain qualities. Preliminary results from field tests showed field-grown golden rice produces 4 to 5 times more beta-carotene than golden rice grown under greenhouse conditions. ![]() Field testing provided an accurate measurement of nutritional value and enabled feeding tests to be performed. Additional trials were conducted in the Philippines, Taiwan, and in Bangladesh (2015). The first field trials of golden rice cultivars were conducted by Louisiana State University Agricultural Center in 2004. The scientific details of the rice were first published in 2000, the product of an eight-year project by Ingo Potrykus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg. Lycopene is then cyclized to beta-carotene by the endogenous cyclase in golden rice. In the 1990s, Peter Bramley discovered that a single phytoene desaturase gene (bacterial CrtI) can be used to produce lycopene from phytoene in GM tomato, rather than having to introduce multiple carotene desaturases that are normally used by higher plants. Research for development of golden rice began as a Rockefeller Foundation initiative in 1982. Beta-carotene is assumed to be converted to retinal and subsequently retinol (vitamin A) in the animal gut The enzymes expressed in the endosperm of golden rice, shown in red, catalyse the biosyntheis of beta-carotene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. History Ī simplified overview of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in golden rice. Īlthough golden rice has met significant opposition from environmental and anti-globalisation activists, more than 100 Nobel laureates in 2016 encouraged use of genetically modified golden rice which can produce up to 23 times as much beta-carotene as the original golden rice. In 2013, the prevalence of deficiency was the highest in sub-Saharan Africa (48% 25–75), and South Asia (44% 13–79). It also increases risk of mortality from measles and diarrhea in children. Vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia, a range of eye conditions from night blindness to more severe clinical outcomes such as keratomalacia and corneal scars, and permanent blindness. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A. Golden rice is a variety of rice ( Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice. Golden rice (back) compared to white rice (front)
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